According to Task B.4.1, one of the specific objectives of LIFE iCirBus-4Industries project is to valorize biomass fly ash as pollutants adsorbent from sewage sludge; concretely, focuses on the removal capacity of micro organic contaminants, as identified in the Sewage Sludge Directive 86/278/CEE.

<div style="text-align: justify;"> Even though in the original proposal it was not foreseen, Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) have also been included in the study of their removal capacity with fly ash from sewage sludge, due to the occurrence and importance of this pollutant group.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Adsorption of various groups of the two contaminants was assessed both on standard solutions and real sewage sludge.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Fly ash from ENCE biomass plant, have shown a high adsorption capacity of the seven organic micro contaminants groups identified as pollutants in wastewater plant treatment&acute;s sewage sludge, and to be controlled in their agronomical use.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> &bull;<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>AOX: Halogenated Organic Compounds&nbsp;</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> &bull;<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>DEHP: Di(2-Ethilhexil)-Ftalato&nbsp;</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> &bull;<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>NPEs: Nonyl-Phenol and Nonyl-Phenol Ethoxilated&nbsp;</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> &bull;<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>LAS: Linear Alkyl- benzene Sulphonates&nbsp;</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> &bull;<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>PAHs: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons&nbsp;</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> &bull;<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>PCBs: Polychlorinated Biphenyl&nbsp;</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> &bull;<span style="white-space:pre"> </span>PCDD/Fs: Dioxins and Furans</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> &nbsp;</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Regarding Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs), adsorption capacity of biomass fly ash is affected by the very chemical properties of each compound, since this category encompasses a wide range of products, and their retention on sewage sludge phases is determined by these conditions. For the existing CECs in local sewage sludge, good retention capacity has been assessed for caffeine and ibuprofen, whereas diclofenac and carbamazepine are scarcely adsorbed.</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> &nbsp;</div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <img alt="" src="https://www.ctaex.com/icirbus/ficheros/imagenes/2018_02/17-06-adsorcion-contaminantes-organicos-y-contaminantes-emergentes2.jpg" style="width: 550px; height: 336px;" /></div>